Science Advances

Overview

Research into technology is a necessity for improving the ability of your civilization to develop new military units and city improvements.

There are a few ways to gain advances from other civilizations: you will sometimes discover enemy technology when you capture a city; your agents can steal advances; wonders can provide you with technology; and another player might grant technology in the terms of a pact. But otherwise advances must be discovered through the efforts of your own people.

Most technology progress comes from trade (see the Trade section) and, from scientist specialists. While it is possible to change which advance you are currently researching, by default all progress is lost by doing so.

While the majority of the resulting research output ("bulbs") usually goes toward advancing technology; the quantity required for technology upkeep increases with the total research cost of all advances known to you. The state of advancement at which you start paying this upkeep may depend on factors such as your government type. If research output drops below that required for upkeep, your civilization will forget an advance, requiring it to be researched again.

Technological advances can render units, city improvements, and wonders obsolete. While obsolete units merely become impossible for you to make -- leaving the ones you have already made intact -- obsolete improvements are immediately sold, and obsolete wonders lose their effect. See the relevant sections for more information.

Advanced Flight

To research Advanced Flight, you need to research 15 other technologies first. The whole project will require 17880 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Enables movement of nuclear units.

* Allows to build Bomber.
* Allows to build Carrier.
* Allows to build AWACS.
* Allows to research:
    → Rocketry
        → Space Flight
            → Superconductors
* Requires knowledges:
    → Flight
    → Electronics
        → Radio
    → Steel
    → Tactics
        → Machine Tools

Alphabet

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Diplomat.
* Allows to research:
    → Code of Laws
        → Literacy
            → Invention
            → Philosophy
            → The Republic
        → Monarchy
            → Feudalism
        → The Republic
            → Banking
    → Map Making
        → Seafaring
            → Magnetism
    → Mathematics
        → Astronomy
            → Magnetism
            → Monotheism
        → Metallurgy
            → Conscription
            → Electricity
            → Railroad
        → University
            → Chemistry
            → Economics
            → Theory of Gravity
    → Writing
        → Literacy
            → Invention
            → Philosophy
            → The Republic

Amphibious Warfare

To research Amphibious Warfare, you need to research 6 other technologies first. The whole project will require 5550 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Port Facility (with Oceanic terrain).
* Allows to build Marines.
* Requires knowledges:
    → Electricity
    → Steam Engine
        → Engineering
    → Conscription
    → Leadership
        → Tactics

Astronomy

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Increases units' vision when in fortresses.

* Allows to build Copernicus' Observatory.
* Allows to research:
    → Magnetism
        → Physics
            → Navigation
            → Theory of Gravity
    → Monotheism
        → Theology
            → Communism
* Requires knowledges:
    → Ceremonial Burial
        → Mysticism
    → Alphabet
    → Masonry
        → Mathematics

Atomic Theory

To research Atomic Theory, you need to research 1 other technology first. The whole project will require 2160 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to research:
    → Nuclear Fission
        → Nuclear Power
            → Laser
* Requires knowledges:
    → University
    → Medicine
        → Chemistry
    → Sanitation
    → Electricity
        → Refrigeration

Automobile

To research Automobile, you need to research 5 other technologies first. The whole project will require 7410 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Super Highways.
* Allows to research:
    → Mass Production
        → Nuclear Fission
            → Nuclear Power
        → Plastics
        → Recycling
    → Mobile Warfare
        → Labor Union
        → Robotics
            → Plastics
* Requires knowledges:
    → Refining
    → Engineering
        → Combustion
    → Engineering
    → Industrialization
        → Steel

Banking

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Bank (with Marketplace).
* Allows to research:
    → Democracy
        → Conscription
            → Tactics
    → Economics
        → The Corporation
            → Electronics
            → Mass Production
    → Industrialization
        → Communism
            → Labor Union
        → Refining
            → Combustion
        → Steel
            → Automobile
            → Machine Tools
        → The Corporation
            → Electronics
            → Mass Production
* Requires knowledges:
    → Currency
    → Pottery
        → Trade
    → Code of Laws
    → Literacy
        → The Republic

Bridge Building

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Allows roads to be built on river tiles.

* Allows to research:
    → Invention
        → Democracy
            → Conscription
        → Gunpowder
            → Explosives
            → Leadership
            → Metallurgy
        → Navigation
            → Steam Engine
    → Sanitation
        → Recycling
        → Refrigeration
            → Atomic Theory
* Requires knowledges:
    → Horseback Riding
        → The Wheel
    → Masonry
    → Iron Working
        → Construction

Bronze Working

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Colossus.
* Allows to build Phalanx.
* Allows to research:
    → Currency
        → Trade
            → Banking
            → Medicine
    → Iron Working
        → Construction
            → Bridge Building
        → Feudalism
            → Chivalry
            → Gunpowder

Ceremonial Burial

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Temple.
* Allows to build Mausoleum of Mausolos.
* Allows to research:
    → Monarchy
        → Feudalism
            → Chivalry
            → Gunpowder
    → Mysticism
        → Astronomy
            → Magnetism
            → Monotheism
        → Philosophy
            → Medicine
            → Theology
            → University
    → Polytheism
        → Monotheism
            → Theology

Chemistry

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to research:
    → Atomic Theory
        → Nuclear Fission
            → Nuclear Power
    → Explosives
        → Refining
            → Combustion
    → Steam Engine
        → Engineering
            → Combustion
            → Steel
        → Railroad
            → Industrialization
* Requires knowledges:
    → Mathematics
    → Philosophy
        → University
    → Philosophy
    → Trade
        → Medicine

Chivalry

To research Chivalry, it would need 300 bulbs. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build King Richard's Crusade.
* Allows to build Knights.
* Allows to research:
    → Leadership
        → Tactics
            → Flight
            → Machine Tools
* Requires knowledges:
    → Iron Working
    → Monarchy
        → Feudalism
        → Horseback Riding

Code of Laws

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Courthouse.
* Allows to research:
    → Literacy
        → Invention
            → Democracy
            → Gunpowder
            → Navigation
        → Philosophy
            → Medicine
            → Theology
            → University
        → The Republic
            → Banking
    → Monarchy
        → Feudalism
            → Chivalry
            → Gunpowder
    → The Republic
        → Banking
            → Democracy
            → Economics
            → Industrialization
* Requires knowledges:
        → Alphabet

Combined Arms

To research Combined Arms, you need to research 18 other technologies first. The whole project will require 22650 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Paratroopers.
* Allows to build Helicopter.
* Requires knowledges:
    → Automobile
    → Machine Tools
        → Mobile Warfare
    → Radio
    → Machine Tools
        → Advanced Flight

Combustion

To research Combustion, you need to research 3 other technologies first. The whole project will require 4770 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Submarine.
* Allows to research:
    → Automobile
        → Mass Production
            → Nuclear Fission
            → Plastics
            → Recycling
        → Mobile Warfare
            → Labor Union
            → Robotics
    → Flight
        → Radio
            → Advanced Flight
            → Computers
    → Miniaturization
        → Computers
            → Laser
            → Robotics
            → Space Flight
        → Nuclear Power
            → Laser
        → Rocketry
            → Space Flight
* Requires knowledges:
    → Explosives
    → Industrialization
        → Refining
    → Electricity
    → Steam Engine
        → Engineering

Communism

To research Communism, you need to research 3 other technologies first. The whole project will require 3090 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Reduces the effect of Cathedrals.

* Allows government form Communism.
* Allows to build Police Station.
* Allows to build United Nations.
* Allows to research:
    → Labor Union
* Requires knowledges:
    → Philosophy
    → Monotheism
        → Theology
    → Railroad
    → Banking
        → Industrialization

Computers

To research Computers, you need to research 14 other technologies first. The whole project will require 16590 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Research Lab (with University).
* Allows to build Internet (with Research Lab).
* Allows to research:
    → Laser
        → Superconductors
    → Robotics
        → Plastics
    → Space Flight
        → Superconductors
* Requires knowledges:
    → Combustion
    → Electronics
        → Miniaturization
    → Flight
    → Electronics
        → Radio

Conscription

To research Conscription, you need to research 1 other technology first. The whole project will require 1350 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Women's Suffrage.
* Allows to build Riflemen.
* Allows to research:
    → Tactics
        → Flight
            → Radio
        → Machine Tools
            → Advanced Flight
            → Mobile Warfare
* Requires knowledges:
    → Banking
    → Invention
        → Democracy
    → Gunpowder
    → Mathematics
        → Metallurgy

Construction

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Allows Settlers, Migrants, Workers and Engineers to build forts and fortresses.

* Allows to build Aqueduct (absent River and Lake).
* Allows to build Amphitheater.
* Allows to build Great Wall.
* Allows to research:
    → Bridge Building
        → Invention
            → Democracy
            → Gunpowder
            → Navigation
        → Sanitation
            → Recycling
            → Refrigeration
* Requires knowledges:
        → Masonry
    → Bronze Working
    → Warrior Code
        → Iron Working

Currency

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Marketplace.
* Allows to research:
    → Trade
        → Banking
            → Democracy
            → Economics
            → Industrialization
        → Medicine
            → Chemistry
            → Sanitation
* Requires knowledges:
        → Bronze Working

Democracy

To research Democracy, it would need 570 bulbs. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows government form Democracy.
* Allows to build Statue of Liberty.
* Allows to research:
    → Conscription
        → Tactics
            → Flight
            → Machine Tools
* Requires knowledges:
    → Trade
    → The Republic
        → Banking
    → Bridge Building
    → Literacy
        → Invention

Economics

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows government form Federation.
* Allows to build Stock Exchange (with Bank).
* Allows to build A.Smith's Trading Co. (with Stock Exchange).
* Allows to research:
    → The Corporation
        → Electronics
            → Miniaturization
            → Radio
        → Mass Production
            → Nuclear Fission
            → Plastics
            → Recycling
* Requires knowledges:
    → Trade
    → The Republic
        → Banking
    → Mathematics
    → Philosophy
        → University

Electricity

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Allows irrigation without an adjacent water source, improves the effect of Amphitheaters, and increases city vision radius.

* Allows to research:
    → Electronics
        → Miniaturization
            → Computers
            → Nuclear Power
            → Rocketry
        → Radio
            → Advanced Flight
            → Computers
    → Engineering
        → Combustion
            → Automobile
            → Flight
            → Miniaturization
        → Steel
            → Automobile
            → Machine Tools
    → Refrigeration
        → Atomic Theory
            → Nuclear Fission
* Requires knowledges:
    → Gunpowder
    → Mathematics
        → Metallurgy
    → Physics
    → University
        → Theory of Gravity

Electronics

To research Electronics, you need to research 2 other technologies first. The whole project will require 3630 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Hydro Plant (with Factory and River).
* Allows to build Hoover Dam (with River and Factory).
* Allows to research:
    → Miniaturization
        → Computers
            → Laser
            → Robotics
            → Space Flight
        → Nuclear Power
            → Laser
        → Rocketry
            → Space Flight
    → Radio
        → Advanced Flight
            → Rocketry
        → Computers
            → Laser
            → Robotics
            → Space Flight
* Requires knowledges:
    → Economics
    → Industrialization
        → The Corporation
    → Metallurgy
    → Theory of Gravity
        → Electricity

Engineering

To research Engineering, it would need 1110 bulbs. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Destroyer.
* Allows to build Transport.
* Allows to research:
    → Combustion
        → Automobile
            → Mass Production
            → Mobile Warfare
        → Flight
            → Radio
        → Miniaturization
            → Computers
            → Nuclear Power
            → Rocketry
    → Steel
        → Automobile
            → Mass Production
            → Mobile Warfare
        → Machine Tools
            → Advanced Flight
            → Mobile Warfare
* Requires knowledges:
    → Metallurgy
    → Theory of Gravity
        → Electricity
    → Chemistry
    → Navigation
        → Steam Engine

Environmentalism

To research Environmentalism, you need to research 23 other technologies first. The whole project will require 30960 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Solar Plant (with Factory).
* Allows to build Space Module (with Factory, Library, University, and Research Lab).
* Requires knowledges:
    → Mass Production
    → Sanitation
        → Recycling
    → Computers
    → Rocketry
        → Space Flight

Espionage

To research Espionage, you need to research 5 other technologies first. The whole project will require 4980 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Spy.
* Requires knowledges:
    → Theology
    → Industrialization
        → Communism
    → Banking
    → Invention
        → Democracy

Explosives

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Engineers.
* Allows to research:
    → Refining
        → Combustion
            → Automobile
            → Flight
            → Miniaturization
* Requires knowledges:
    → Invention
    → Feudalism
        → Gunpowder
    → University
    → Medicine
        → Chemistry

Feudalism

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Sun Tzu's War Academy.
* Allows to build Pikemen.
* Allows to research:
    → Chivalry
        → Leadership
            → Tactics
    → Gunpowder
        → Explosives
            → Refining
        → Leadership
            → Tactics
        → Metallurgy
            → Conscription
            → Electricity
            → Railroad
* Requires knowledges:
    → Bronze Working
    → Warrior Code
        → Iron Working
    → Ceremonial Burial
    → Code of Laws
        → Monarchy

Flight

To research Flight, you need to research 9 other technologies first. The whole project will require 9360 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Fighter.
* Allows to research:
    → Radio
        → Advanced Flight
            → Rocketry
        → Computers
            → Laser
            → Robotics
            → Space Flight
* Requires knowledges:
    → Refining
    → Engineering
        → Combustion
    → Conscription
    → Leadership
        → Tactics

Fusion Power

To research Fusion Power, you need to research 33 other technologies first. The whole project will require 44520 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Makes it possible for Engineers to transform terrains.

* Requires knowledges:
    → Space Flight
    → Laser
        → Superconductors
    → Communism
    → Mobile Warfare
        → Labor Union

Genetic Engineering

To research Genetic Engineering, you need to research 3 other technologies first. The whole project will require 4740 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Cure For Cancer.
* Requires knowledges:
    → Sanitation
    → Electricity
        → Refrigeration
    → Economics
    → Industrialization
        → The Corporation

Guerilla Warfare

To research Guerilla Warfare, you need to research 9 other technologies first. The whole project will require 7620 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Partisan.
* Allows to build Fanatics.
* Requires knowledges:
    → Theology
    → Industrialization
        → Communism
    → Conscription
    → Leadership
        → Tactics

Gunpowder

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Barracks II.
* Allows to build Musketeers.
* Allows to research:
    → Explosives
        → Refining
            → Combustion
    → Leadership
        → Tactics
            → Flight
            → Machine Tools
    → Metallurgy
        → Conscription
            → Tactics
        → Electricity
            → Electronics
            → Engineering
            → Refrigeration
        → Railroad
            → Industrialization
* Requires knowledges:
    → Bridge Building
    → Literacy
        → Invention
    → Iron Working
    → Monarchy
        → Feudalism

Horseback Riding

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Horsemen.
* Allows to research:
    → Chivalry
        → Leadership
            → Tactics
    → Polytheism
        → Monotheism
            → Theology
    → The Wheel
        → Bridge Building
            → Invention
            → Sanitation
        → Physics
            → Navigation
            → Theory of Gravity

Industrialization

To research Industrialization, it would need 1140 bulbs. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Factory.
* Allows to research:
    → Communism
        → Labor Union
    → Refining
        → Combustion
            → Automobile
            → Flight
            → Miniaturization
    → Steel
        → Automobile
            → Mass Production
            → Mobile Warfare
        → Machine Tools
            → Advanced Flight
            → Mobile Warfare
    → The Corporation
        → Electronics
            → Miniaturization
            → Radio
        → Mass Production
            → Nuclear Fission
            → Plastics
            → Recycling
* Requires knowledges:
    → Steam Engine
    → Metallurgy
        → Railroad
    → Trade
    → The Republic
        → Banking

Invention

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Halves the upgrade cost of your units.

* Allows to build Leonardo's Workshop.
* Allows to research:
    → Democracy
        → Conscription
            → Tactics
    → Gunpowder
        → Explosives
            → Refining
        → Leadership
            → Tactics
        → Metallurgy
            → Conscription
            → Electricity
            → Railroad
    → Navigation
        → Steam Engine
            → Engineering
            → Railroad
* Requires knowledges:
    → The Wheel
    → Construction
        → Bridge Building
    → Writing
    → Code of Laws
        → Literacy

Iron Working

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Legion.
* Allows to research:
    → Construction
        → Bridge Building
            → Invention
            → Sanitation
    → Feudalism
        → Chivalry
            → Leadership
        → Gunpowder
            → Explosives
            → Leadership
            → Metallurgy
* Requires knowledges:
        → Bronze Working
        → Warrior Code

Labor Union

To research Labor Union, you need to research 16 other technologies first. The whole project will require 17220 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Mech. Inf..
* Requires knowledges:
    → Theology
    → Industrialization
        → Communism
    → Automobile
    → Machine Tools
        → Mobile Warfare

Laser

To research Laser, you need to research 22 other technologies first. The whole project will require 28080 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build SDI Defense.
* Allows to research:
    → Superconductors
* Requires knowledges:
    → Miniaturization
    → Radio
        → Computers
    → Nuclear Fission
    → Miniaturization
        → Nuclear Power

Leadership

To research Leadership, you need to research 1 other technology first. The whole project will require 870 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Dragoons.
* Allows to research:
    → Tactics
        → Flight
            → Radio
        → Machine Tools
            → Advanced Flight
            → Mobile Warfare
* Requires knowledges:
    → Feudalism
    → Horseback Riding
        → Chivalry
    → Invention
    → Feudalism
        → Gunpowder

Literacy

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Great Library (with Library).
* Allows to research:
    → Invention
        → Democracy
            → Conscription
        → Gunpowder
            → Explosives
            → Leadership
            → Metallurgy
        → Navigation
            → Steam Engine
    → Philosophy
        → Medicine
            → Chemistry
            → Sanitation
        → Theology
            → Communism
        → University
            → Chemistry
            → Economics
            → Theory of Gravity
    → The Republic
        → Banking
            → Democracy
            → Economics
            → Industrialization
* Requires knowledges:
    → Alphabet
        → Writing
    → Alphabet
        → Code of Laws

Machine Tools

To research Machine Tools, you need to research 8 other technologies first. The whole project will require 8040 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Artillery.
* Allows to research:
    → Advanced Flight
        → Rocketry
            → Space Flight
    → Mobile Warfare
        → Labor Union
        → Robotics
            → Plastics
* Requires knowledges:
    → Engineering
    → Industrialization
        → Steel
    → Conscription
    → Leadership
        → Tactics

Magnetism

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Magellan's Expedition (with 'Sea' terrain).
* Allows to build Caravel.
* Allows to research:
    → Physics
        → Navigation
            → Steam Engine
        → Theory of Gravity
            → Electricity
* Requires knowledges:
    → Pottery
    → Map Making
        → Seafaring
    → Mysticism
    → Mathematics
        → Astronomy

Map Making

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Lighthouse (with 'Sea' terrain).
* Allows to build Trireme.
* Allows to research:
    → Seafaring
        → Magnetism
            → Physics
* Requires knowledges:
        → Alphabet

Masonry

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build City Walls.
* Allows to build Pyramids.
* Allows to research:
    → Construction
        → Bridge Building
            → Invention
            → Sanitation
    → Mathematics
        → Astronomy
            → Magnetism
            → Monotheism
        → Metallurgy
            → Conscription
            → Electricity
            → Railroad
        → University
            → Chemistry
            → Economics
            → Theory of Gravity

Mass Production

To research Mass Production, you need to research 7 other technologies first. The whole project will require 10080 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Mass Transit.
* Allows to build Battleship.
* Allows to research:
    → Nuclear Fission
        → Nuclear Power
            → Laser
    → Plastics
    → Recycling
* Requires knowledges:
    → Combustion
    → Steel
        → Automobile
    → Economics
    → Industrialization
        → The Corporation

Mathematics

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Catapult.
* Allows to research:
    → Astronomy
        → Magnetism
            → Physics
        → Monotheism
            → Theology
    → Metallurgy
        → Conscription
            → Tactics
        → Electricity
            → Electronics
            → Engineering
            → Refrigeration
        → Railroad
            → Industrialization
    → University
        → Chemistry
            → Atomic Theory
            → Explosives
            → Steam Engine
        → Economics
            → The Corporation
        → Theory of Gravity
            → Electricity
* Requires knowledges:
        → Alphabet
        → Masonry

Medicine

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Reduces the risk of plague in your cities by 30% of the base chance (this is additive with the benefits of any buildings).

* Allows to research:
    → Chemistry
        → Atomic Theory
            → Nuclear Fission
        → Explosives
            → Refining
        → Steam Engine
            → Engineering
            → Railroad
    → Sanitation
        → Recycling
        → Refrigeration
            → Atomic Theory
* Requires knowledges:
    → Mysticism
    → Literacy
        → Philosophy
    → Currency
    → Pottery
        → Trade

Metallurgy

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Cannon.
* Allows to research:
    → Conscription
        → Tactics
            → Flight
            → Machine Tools
    → Electricity
        → Electronics
            → Miniaturization
            → Radio
        → Engineering
            → Combustion
            → Steel
        → Refrigeration
            → Atomic Theory
    → Railroad
        → Industrialization
            → Communism
            → Refining
            → Steel
            → The Corporation
* Requires knowledges:
    → Invention
    → Feudalism
        → Gunpowder
    → Alphabet
    → Masonry
        → Mathematics

Miniaturization

To research Miniaturization, you need to research 6 other technologies first. The whole project will require 8700 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Allows Settlers, Migrants, Workers, Engineers, and Transports to build oil platforms on Deep Ocean, required to get the bonus from Offshore Platforms.

* Allows to build Offshore Platform (with Oceanic terrain).
* Allows to research:
    → Computers
        → Laser
            → Superconductors
        → Robotics
            → Plastics
        → Space Flight
            → Superconductors
    → Nuclear Power
        → Laser
            → Superconductors
    → Rocketry
        → Space Flight
            → Superconductors
* Requires knowledges:
    → Refining
    → Engineering
        → Combustion
    → The Corporation
    → Electricity
        → Electronics

Mobile Warfare

To research Mobile Warfare, you need to research 12 other technologies first. The whole project will require 13530 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Barracks III.
* Allows to build Armor.
* Allows to research:
    → Labor Union
    → Robotics
        → Plastics
* Requires knowledges:
    → Combustion
    → Steel
        → Automobile
    → Steel
    → Tactics
        → Machine Tools

Monarchy

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows government form Monarchy.
* Allows to research:
    → Feudalism
        → Chivalry
            → Leadership
        → Gunpowder
            → Explosives
            → Leadership
            → Metallurgy
* Requires knowledges:
        → Ceremonial Burial
    → Alphabet
        → Code of Laws

Monotheism

To research Monotheism, it would need 270 bulbs. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Cathedral (with Temple).
* Allows to build Michelangelo's Chapel (with Cathedral).
* Allows to build Crusaders.
* Allows to research:
    → Theology
        → Communism
            → Labor Union
* Requires knowledges:
    → Mysticism
    → Mathematics
        → Astronomy
    → Horseback Riding
    → Ceremonial Burial
        → Polytheism

Mysticism

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Improves the effect of Temples.

* Allows to build Temple of Artemis (with Temple).
* Allows to research:
    → Astronomy
        → Magnetism
            → Physics
        → Monotheism
            → Theology
    → Philosophy
        → Medicine
            → Chemistry
            → Sanitation
        → Theology
            → Communism
        → University
            → Chemistry
            → Economics
            → Theory of Gravity
* Requires knowledges:
        → Ceremonial Burial

Navigation

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Coastal Defense (with Oceanic terrain).
* Allows to build Galleon.
* Allows to build Frigate.
* Allows to research:
    → Steam Engine
        → Engineering
            → Combustion
            → Steel
        → Railroad
            → Industrialization
* Requires knowledges:
    → Bridge Building
    → Literacy
        → Invention
    → The Wheel
    → Magnetism
        → Physics

Nuclear Fission

To research Nuclear Fission, you need to research 10 other technologies first. The whole project will require 13830 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Manhattan Project.
* Allows to build Nuclear.
* Allows to research:
    → Nuclear Power
        → Laser
            → Superconductors
* Requires knowledges:
    → Automobile
    → The Corporation
        → Mass Production
    → Chemistry
    → Refrigeration
        → Atomic Theory

Nuclear Power

To research Nuclear Power, you need to research 13 other technologies first. The whole project will require 18240 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Gives sea units one extra move.

* Allows to build Nuclear Plant (with Factory).
* Allows to research:
    → Laser
        → Superconductors
* Requires knowledges:
    → Mass Production
    → Atomic Theory
        → Nuclear Fission
    → Combustion
    → Electronics
        → Miniaturization

Philosophy

* The first player to learn Philosophy gets an immediate research advance.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to research:
    → Medicine
        → Chemistry
            → Atomic Theory
            → Explosives
            → Steam Engine
        → Sanitation
            → Recycling
            → Refrigeration
    → Theology
        → Communism
            → Labor Union
    → University
        → Chemistry
            → Atomic Theory
            → Explosives
            → Steam Engine
        → Economics
            → The Corporation
        → Theory of Gravity
            → Electricity
* Requires knowledges:
    → Ceremonial Burial
        → Mysticism
    → Writing
    → Code of Laws
        → Literacy

Physics

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to research:
    → Navigation
        → Steam Engine
            → Engineering
            → Railroad
    → Theory of Gravity
        → Electricity
            → Electronics
            → Engineering
            → Refrigeration
* Requires knowledges:
    → Horseback Riding
        → The Wheel
    → Seafaring
    → Astronomy
        → Magnetism

Plastics

To research Plastics, you need to research 21 other technologies first. The whole project will require 27450 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Mfg. Plant (with Factory).
* Requires knowledges:
    → Automobile
    → The Corporation
        → Mass Production
    → Mobile Warfare
    → Computers
        → Robotics

Polytheism

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Statue of Zeus.
* Allows to build Elephants.
* Allows to research:
    → Monotheism
        → Theology
            → Communism
* Requires knowledges:
        → Horseback Riding
        → Ceremonial Burial

Pottery

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Granary.
* Allows to build Hanging Gardens.
* Allows to build Migrants.
* Allows to research:
    → Seafaring
        → Magnetism
            → Physics
    → Trade
        → Banking
            → Democracy
            → Economics
            → Industrialization
        → Medicine
            → Chemistry
            → Sanitation

Radio

To research Radio, you need to research 12 other technologies first. The whole project will require 13470 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Allows Workers and Engineers to build airstrips, airbases and buoys.

* Allows to build Airport.
* Allows to research:
    → Advanced Flight
        → Rocketry
            → Space Flight
    → Computers
        → Laser
            → Superconductors
        → Robotics
            → Plastics
        → Space Flight
            → Superconductors
* Requires knowledges:
    → Combustion
    → Tactics
        → Flight
    → The Corporation
    → Electricity
        → Electronics

Railroad

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Allows Settlers, Migrants, Workers and Engineers to upgrade roads to railroads.

For Despotism or Tribal governments, cancels the penalty to worked tiles with output greater than 2 (as if all your cities were always celebrating).

* Allows to build Eiffel Tower.
* Allows to research:
    → Industrialization
        → Communism
            → Labor Union
        → Refining
            → Combustion
        → Steel
            → Automobile
            → Machine Tools
        → The Corporation
            → Electronics
            → Mass Production
* Requires knowledges:
    → Chemistry
    → Navigation
        → Steam Engine
    → Gunpowder
    → Mathematics
        → Metallurgy

Recycling

To research Recycling, you need to research 8 other technologies first. The whole project will require 11610 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Recycling Center.
* Requires knowledges:
    → Automobile
    → The Corporation
        → Mass Production
    → Bridge Building
    → Medicine
        → Sanitation

Refining

To research Refining, you need to research 1 other technology first. The whole project will require 2340 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Allows Settlers, Migrants, Workers and Engineers to upgrade mines to oil wells on Desert and Glacier tiles, for an extra production point.

* Allows to build Power Plant (with Factory).
* Allows to research:
    → Combustion
        → Automobile
            → Mass Production
            → Mobile Warfare
        → Flight
            → Radio
        → Miniaturization
            → Computers
            → Nuclear Power
            → Rocketry
* Requires knowledges:
    → Gunpowder
    → Chemistry
        → Explosives
    → Railroad
    → Banking
        → Industrialization

Refrigeration

To research Refrigeration, it would need 1050 bulbs. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Allows Settlers, Migrants, Workers and Engineers to upgrade irrigation systems to farmland.

* Allows to build Supermarket.
* Allows to research:
    → Atomic Theory
        → Nuclear Fission
            → Nuclear Power
* Requires knowledges:
    → Bridge Building
    → Medicine
        → Sanitation
    → Metallurgy
    → Theory of Gravity
        → Electricity

Robotics

To research Robotics, you need to research 19 other technologies first. The whole project will require 24090 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Howitzer.
* Allows to research:
    → Plastics
* Requires knowledges:
    → Automobile
    → Machine Tools
        → Mobile Warfare
    → Miniaturization
    → Radio
        → Computers

Rocketry

To research Rocketry, you need to research 17 other technologies first. The whole project will require 21090 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Doubles movement of nuclear units.

* Allows to build SAM Battery.
* Allows to build AEGIS Cruiser.
* Allows to build Cruise Missile.
* Allows to research:
    → Space Flight
        → Superconductors
* Requires knowledges:
    → Radio
    → Machine Tools
        → Advanced Flight
    → Combustion
    → Electronics
        → Miniaturization

Sanitation

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Sewer System (with Size 9).
* Allows to build Shakespeare's Theater.
* Allows to research:
    → Recycling
    → Refrigeration
        → Atomic Theory
            → Nuclear Fission
* Requires knowledges:
    → The Wheel
    → Construction
        → Bridge Building
    → Philosophy
    → Trade
        → Medicine

Seafaring

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Harbor (with 'Sea' terrain).
* Allows to build Explorer.
* Allows to research:
    → Magnetism
        → Physics
            → Navigation
            → Theory of Gravity
* Requires knowledges:
        → Pottery
    → Alphabet
        → Map Making

Space Flight

To research Space Flight, you need to research 19 other technologies first. The whole project will require 24600 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Space Structural (with Factory, Library, University, and Research Lab).
* Allows to build Apollo Program.
* Allows to research:
    → Superconductors
* Requires knowledges:
    → Miniaturization
    → Radio
        → Computers
    → Advanced Flight
    → Miniaturization
        → Rocketry

Stealth

To research Stealth, you need to research 25 other technologies first. The whole project will require 34770 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Stealth Fighter.
* Allows to build Stealth Bomber.
* Requires knowledges:
    → Mass Production
    → Robotics
        → Plastics
    → Computers
    → Rocketry
        → Space Flight

Steam Engine

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Darwin's Voyage.
* Allows to build Ironclad.
* Allows to research:
    → Engineering
        → Combustion
            → Automobile
            → Flight
            → Miniaturization
        → Steel
            → Automobile
            → Machine Tools
    → Railroad
        → Industrialization
            → Communism
            → Refining
            → Steel
            → The Corporation
* Requires knowledges:
    → University
    → Medicine
        → Chemistry
    → Invention
    → Physics
        → Navigation

Steel

To research Steel, you need to research 2 other technologies first. The whole project will require 3510 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Cruiser.
* Allows to research:
    → Automobile
        → Mass Production
            → Nuclear Fission
            → Plastics
            → Recycling
        → Mobile Warfare
            → Labor Union
            → Robotics
    → Machine Tools
        → Advanced Flight
            → Rocketry
        → Mobile Warfare
            → Labor Union
            → Robotics
* Requires knowledges:
    → Electricity
    → Steam Engine
        → Engineering
    → Railroad
    → Banking
        → Industrialization

Superconductors

To research Superconductors, you need to research 27 other technologies first. The whole project will require 36930 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Allows Settlers, Migrants, Workers and Engineers to upgrade railroads with maglev.

* Allows to build Space Component (with Factory, Library, University, and Research Lab).
* Requires knowledges:
    → Computers
    → Rocketry
        → Space Flight
    → Computers
    → Nuclear Power
        → Laser

Tactics

To research Tactics, you need to research 4 other technologies first. The whole project will require 3090 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Alpine Troops.
* Allows to build Cavalry.
* Allows to research:
    → Flight
        → Radio
            → Advanced Flight
            → Computers
    → Machine Tools
        → Advanced Flight
            → Rocketry
        → Mobile Warfare
            → Labor Union
            → Robotics
* Requires knowledges:
    → Democracy
    → Metallurgy
        → Conscription
    → Chivalry
    → Gunpowder
        → Leadership

The Corporation

To research The Corporation, you need to research 1 other technology first. The whole project will require 2340 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Halves the corruption of trade related to distance from the capital (or eliminates it for Federation governments).

* Allows to build Freight.
* Allows to research:
    → Electronics
        → Miniaturization
            → Computers
            → Nuclear Power
            → Rocketry
        → Radio
            → Advanced Flight
            → Computers
    → Mass Production
        → Nuclear Fission
            → Nuclear Power
        → Plastics
        → Recycling
* Requires knowledges:
    → Banking
    → University
        → Economics
    → Railroad
    → Banking
        → Industrialization

The Republic

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows government form Republic.
* Allows to research:
    → Banking
        → Democracy
            → Conscription
        → Economics
            → The Corporation
        → Industrialization
            → Communism
            → Refining
            → Steel
            → The Corporation
* Requires knowledges:
    → Alphabet
        → Code of Laws
    → Writing
    → Code of Laws
        → Literacy

The Wheel

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Chariot.
* Allows to research:
    → Bridge Building
        → Invention
            → Democracy
            → Gunpowder
            → Navigation
        → Sanitation
            → Recycling
            → Refrigeration
    → Physics
        → Navigation
            → Steam Engine
        → Theory of Gravity
            → Electricity
* Requires knowledges:
        → Horseback Riding

Theology

To research Theology, you need to research 1 other technology first. The whole project will require 690 bulbs to complete. This number may vary depending on what other players research.
* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Improves the effect of Cathedrals.

* Allows government form Fundamentalism.
* Allows to build Ecclesiastical Palace.
* Allows to build J.S. Bach's Cathedral.
* Allows to research:
    → Communism
        → Labor Union
* Requires knowledges:
    → Mysticism
    → Literacy
        → Philosophy
    → Astronomy
    → Polytheism
        → Monotheism

Theory of Gravity

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Isaac Newton's College (with University).
* Allows to research:
    → Electricity
        → Electronics
            → Miniaturization
            → Radio
        → Engineering
            → Combustion
            → Steel
        → Refrigeration
            → Atomic Theory
* Requires knowledges:
    → The Wheel
    → Magnetism
        → Physics
    → Mathematics
    → Philosophy
        → University

Trade

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.

Halves the waste of production related to distance from the capital.

* Allows to build Marco Polo's Embassy.
* Allows to build Caravan.
* Allows to research:
    → Banking
        → Democracy
            → Conscription
        → Economics
            → The Corporation
        → Industrialization
            → Communism
            → Refining
            → Steel
            → The Corporation
    → Medicine
        → Chemistry
            → Atomic Theory
            → Explosives
            → Steam Engine
        → Sanitation
            → Recycling
            → Refrigeration
* Requires knowledges:
    → Bronze Working
        → Currency
        → Pottery

University

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build University (with Library).
* Allows to research:
    → Chemistry
        → Atomic Theory
            → Nuclear Fission
        → Explosives
            → Refining
        → Steam Engine
            → Engineering
            → Railroad
    → Economics
        → The Corporation
            → Electronics
            → Mass Production
    → Theory of Gravity
        → Electricity
            → Electronics
            → Engineering
            → Refrigeration
* Requires knowledges:
    → Alphabet
    → Masonry
        → Mathematics
    → Mysticism
    → Literacy
        → Philosophy

Warrior Code

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Archers.
* Allows to research:
    → Iron Working
        → Construction
            → Bridge Building
        → Feudalism
            → Chivalry
            → Gunpowder

Writing

* To preserve this technology for our nation some bulbs are needed each turn.
* Allows to build Library.
* Allows to research:
    → Literacy
        → Invention
            → Democracy
            → Gunpowder
            → Navigation
        → Philosophy
            → Medicine
            → Theology
            → University
        → The Republic
            → Banking
* Requires knowledges:
        → Alphabet